4 Important Tips Every Mommy-to-Be Could Learn from Nursing Essays for Sale

Pregnant? Considering starting a family? Just had a baby? Nursing is a great field to get into. Even if you aren’t in nursing, descriptive essays for sale that are within the topic of nursing have a lot to teach mommies-to-be. Nursing is a well-respected profession, and it’s worth learning. Becoming a nurse after being a student is one of the best options for moms. Even if you are looking to be a nurse, if you purchase a term paper or view some samples, there are many things to be gained from doing this. 1. Learn about Vaccinations Vaccinating your child is extremely important. It will help protect them from serious diseases and sicknesses. It’s usually one of the first things mothers do after they have borne their babies. When you buy an essay specifically about this, you will learn which immunizations are needed, and when. Some parents choose not to vaccinate, so you can have a look at both sides and decide for yourself what will be best. 2. Learn about Feeding Another very important aspect of parenting is feeding. Just like us, babies need food, but they can’t be given solid food right away. As a mother-to-be, it’s important to know when and what is going to be okay to feed your future child. Academic writing on this subject is widely available, and usually for pretty cheap. Purchasing a custom research essay may be better than buying a book. 3. Learn to Handle Emergency Situations You simply never know what can happen. At one point or another, as horrible as it may sound, there will probably be an emergency involving your child. At this time, you should know what to do. Examples of emergencies include choking, serious injuries, incidents at school, etc. When these occasions arise, whether it happens to your own child or someone else’s, you will need to act fast. Professional writers can teach you about these problems, how to recognize them, and most importantly, how to solve them. Finding a good English essay service is one of the best ways to become knowledgeable about such issues. 4. Learn about General Baby Care Raising a baby is quite hard. There’s no reason why you shouldn’t have help from literature. Write down the questions you have, and then start searching for nursing papers. They can teach you how to care for your newborn, baby, or even a toddler. Bathing, sleeping patterns, health issues, etc. are all a part of caring for a child. These are must-learns for a mommy-to-be, so take some time and have a look at the nursing essays for sale. If you don’t find what you are looking for, you can always put in a request. Good luck on your exciting journey into parenting! It’ll be a lot of fun once you are well prepared.

Analysis Of Paul Lisicky s A Little Murder And Bunny

Paul Lisicky is an American author who bases many of his stories on human struggles, death, and anger. He is known for his fiction and his memoirs. Lisicky was born and raised in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. He earned his master’s degree in English from Rutgers. He has taught creative writing at several universities, such as New York University, Sarah Lawrence College, and Cornell University. Lisicky has received many awards from the National Endowment for the Arts, the James Michener/Copernicus Society and the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown. Lisicky stories have become quite popular, such as â€Å"Beachtown†, â€Å"A Little Murder†, and â€Å"BUNNY†. They are all completely different stories, which do not relate to one another, but they are all equally good stories to read. Lisicky focuses on stories that have a very dark and complicated life. Character One of Lisicky writing piece who has a strong connection to character development was â€Å"Beachtown† talks about a lady named, Ruby. Ruby is the main character and according to the story, there is evidence that she might be someone who thinks negatively about everything in the world. An example of her thoughts would be in the first few sentences, â€Å"The birds can go elsewhere. The maritime forest? Let it burn to the ground. The palms along the causeway can go up with it. The spiders, the fleas, the rats, the snakes: any living creature that lives in the leaves. They can burn up too.†( At the end of her thinking process, Lisicky

Free Sample on Five Forces Analysis Of Singapore Airlines

Question: Discuss about the Five Forces Analysis of Singapore Airlines. Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to analyze the five forces of the Singapore Airline compared to another low cost carrier. The development and innovations in the airline industries is the contributor to the economic development. So, innovation in the Singapore airline industry is becoming the important part to overcome from the economic recession and global terrorism. The objective of this report is to examine the competitive forces affecting the operations of Singapore Airlines. The five forces analysis of Singapore Airlines is given below: Porters Five Forces Analysis According to the Michael Porter, there are five factors i.e. threats of new entrants, threats of substitute products or services, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyer, and the rivalry in the market. The analysis of Singapore Airlines is as follows: The threats of new entrants: Weak There is deregulation in the airline industry and the result is lower fares, and higher load factors. The flight service of Singapore Airlines has increased. Along with this, there are various new airlines which are improving their services continuously. They are trying hard because the older airlines have left strong impact on the customers with their services. The bargaining power of suppliers: strong The major supplier of the airline is Malaysian Airlines which deal with other manufactures of various products such as Airbus, Fokker Boeing and supply the aircrafts and electrical parts to the airline industry. Because of being major suppliers, the supplier companies hold power more than the airlines. Singapore Airlines has two major suppliers of aircrafts i.e. Boeing and Air bus and by which the airline is able to maintain its position. The suppliers companies are supplying the airline products continuously. So, the supplier companies have great supplier power because they are the largest suppliers which are helping to improve the performance of Singapore airlines. The fuel cost is expected to increase due to increment in the prices of oil to $100 per barrel. The demand of fuel and cost of operation is increasing because the supply of fuel has 15 to 20% in the operation costs. The Tiger Airways flew into different timings in 2004 and because of raising the oil prices; it had created the great competition for the other airlines. The Airways had minimized the supplier power by held off the fuel costs (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore, 2016). Rivalry in the industry: High Having diverse plane services, the Singapore Airlines has left the strong impact on the customers. The Airlines has allowed the customers to differentiate the flights in terms of price and quality. The customers compare the airline companies in terms of provided services and the prices and are able to have great experience in the Airline industry. The Singapore Airlines is able to gain competitive advantage by providing great-in-flight services to the customers. There are so many competitors in the airline industry which are budget airlines but they are not able to compete with the ability of Singapore Airlines in terms of gaining competitive advantage (KAUR, 2015). Bargaining power of buyers: High There is the strong bargaining power of consumers because there are lots of options for them and they can switch easily on the other options. There is low cost switching airline that can be adopted by the customers. Along with this, now customers are more smart and educated. They are aware of all the things such as price and quality in the market. They are price sensitive, and using online booking system rather than going physically for booking the tickets. As per the research, it can be said that more than 50% of the bookings will be made through mobile devices and apps. Through internet, mobiles apps and technology, customers are able to compare the prices of two airlines. Customers have more options in the airline industry. So, the buyer power is increased continuously. Availability of substitutes: Moderate There are many options for the customers in the transport system rather than flights such as bus, trains, cruise and cars etc. due to advancement in the technology, consumers are no longer dependent on one option of transportation. Teleconferencing is the best medium to talk with each other at long distance and it is the best medium to take decision. Along with this, technology has saved the cost and time so, consumers do not need to spend much on the travelling. The information can be communicated among the people through the technology rather than meeting physically. There is email that has also strong impact on the consumers as this the fast and inexpensive method of communication for the business. This method enables the people to talk around the world and prevent delays. Conclusion From the above discussion, it has been analyzed that the SINGAPORE AIRLINES has the strong competitive advantage by providing good services. But the airline is affected by the increased oil prices and the demand of the flights is decreasing among the consumers. References KAUR, K., (2015), Airfares set to rise next year despite lower oil prices, Accessed on 21st December 2016 from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/airfares-set-to-rise-next-yeardespite-lower-oil-prices Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore, (2016), airline industry innovation report, Accessed on 21st December 2016 from https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/index.html

Self-Concept Pape free essay sample

The definition of self-concept is, the mental image or perception that one has of oneself. If someone were to ask a person how they see themselves most people would answer with a positive answer; people usually don’t look deep down and analyze their true self, negative and positive. Many factors such as the environment we live in, our parents and friends contribute to how we see ourselves. This paper will tell how I perceive myself, who I am becoming, and what I am afraid of becoming. If I could only describe myself in one word that word would be perplexed. I feel like I am a very complicated and misunderstood person. Personally, I think my strengths are that I am caring, trustworthy, loving, and humble, just to name a few. I believe my two biggest weaknesses are that I am shy and stubborn. I commend myself on how caring, trustworthy, loving, and humble I am. We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Concept Pape or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The people closest to me can vouch that I no doubt possess those character traits I used to describe myself. My friends usually come to me whenever they are in need of someone to talk to because they know I will listen and actually care about whatever it is that they need to talk about. I believe everyone should treat others the way they want to be treated. I’m not perfect so I may slip up at times but I try my best to treat people the way I would like them to treat me; so I think the traits I listed are traits every human should possess. At times I feel my weaknesses are overshadowing my strengths. Being shy and stubborn are not ways I would like to describe myself. When I was younger I wasn’t as shy as I am nowadays. A big reason why I believe I am shy today is because of other people; people constantly telling me how little I am or how young I look. Those comments have made me very self-conscience and the result of that is me being shy and not wanting much attention from people. Recently, a person close to me pointed out that I am stubborn in the fact that I am stuck in my ways and that I tend to think I am right all the time without realizing it. My parents definitely play a role in how I am today. A lot of what my parents taught me has stuck with me my whole life but I do wish I truly listened to them more. One value that is strong in my family is doing what is right. This has stuck with me because whenever I do something wrong it always weighs heavily on my heart and it makes me feel bad so I always try to do the right then even though of course I sometimes fail to do so. My parents are huge on education, so early on in life I always knew I had to do well in school and after high school you go to college. Two things my mother and father taught me that I think influenced my self-concept greatly are manners and the way you act in public is a representation of your family and it affects how people look at you and treat you. My mother is always honest with me and she doesn’t sugar coat much so when she told me this world is a cruel world and to always remember I am an African America female so be twice as good as everyone else because people will put you down. My parents also contribute to my self-concept because I love them so much and they are the only people on earth who I hate to disappoint and their opinions matter to me more than anyone else. My ideal self would be someone who is confident and achieves everything they want out of life, has no thoughts about â€Å"what if. This persons strengths include confidence, outgoing, optimistic, and not lazy. This person represents my ideal self because this is exactly how I want to be as a person. I want to have the confidence to do whatever I want without thinking twice and not caring about how I look. I want to be outgoing because when you are outgoing you can meet so many people and good opportunities present themselves to you when you are outgoi ng versus shy because when you are shy you don’t take as many chances as an outgoing person would. I would like to be more optimistic because being optimistic and positive will allow you to think you can and will get what you want. Lastly, I would like to not be lazy. I know if I wasn’t as lazy as I am I would make better grades and I would achieve more in life and be more satisfied overall. I am afraid of becoming a person who struggles in life and when they reach old age they wish they could go back and do things differently. This persons weaknesses are greedy, pessimistic, unkind, and unmotivated. This person represents the self I fear most because I know if I became this person I would hate myself. I never want to become so greedy that all I think about is money. Even though in this day and age we all need money to survive I don’t want to only care about being rich that I forget that there is more to life than just being rich. When people become greedy for money they forget the things that matter most in life and their whole life ends up being about making money and material things. I do not want to be pessimistic in life because with that attitude you will only think negative thoughts and those thoughts eventually turn into reality, so I want to always have positive thoughts so only positive things will happen in my life. Life can be unfair and because of this life can make some people unkind. I never want to become a person who isn’t kind because being a nice, kind person only helps you be a better person. Everyone needs to be motivated or else they will never accomplish exactly what they want. I never want to become so unmotivated that I never reach my goals. I plan on becoming my ideal self by staying positive, becoming more aware of negative traits about myself and how I can change them, and never giving up. I vow to myself that I will make a conscience effort not to self-sabotage myself. We are our biggest critic and I plan on not being so hard on myself and pushing myself more. For the downers and vultures that come into my life I will make sure I don’t allow these people to stay in my life and I will not allow them to affect my mood and how I see myself. I am a complicated soul who wants to be successful and enjoy life, but I am a person who has things to change in order to achieve my goals. I want my strengths to outweigh my weaknesses. I am a caring, trustworthy, loving, and humble person who will overcome being shy and stubborn. Writing this paper has made me really think about how I want to be in life and how I don’t want to be. This paper has made me more motivated to make a change as soon as possible and not keep pushing it off until it becomes too late for me to make a change.

This essay is about the story A School for Scandal, it looks at some of the main characters the events of the story deciding if it is a comedy and who is responsible for said comedy.

This essay is about the story A School for Scandal, it looks at some of the main characters the events of the story deciding if it is a comedy and who is responsible for said comedy. Is Scandal a Comedy of Situation or a Comedy of Character?School, though containing hilarious characters like Crabtree and Sir Backbite, creates more of its comedy through the use of hilarious events and inventive twists of preconceived notions. The most remarkable of the play's jokes, the scene wherein a hiding Lady Teazle is exposed from behind a screen, speaks volumes as to the type of comedy School is. Using characters that often aren't very funny demonstrates the writer's confidence in the capability of the joke's setting and in its inevitability. In considering the type of comedy used to express the joke, one realizes that it was not the unique and amusing personality of the characters involved but rather the situation of the scene that ensured an effective punch line.The play's sudden and innovative disillusionment of the supposedly impossible May/December marriage offers the reader a better appreciation for the necessity of exact circumstances to the telling of School's jokes .School Bus Rear LightsAs previously noted, the fact that Lady Teazle and Sir Peter aren't independently funny doesn't damage the efficacy of the humorous realization made in the wake of their separation that they actually do love one another. In this case, the characters involved seem to take a backseat to the setting of the joke and its impetuous nature; School is a comedy of situation. As much as the temperaments of the play's characters lend to the success of its attempt at humour, it is predominantly the droll circumstances and the background of the jokes that make them funny.

Save Dispute For People

Save Dispute For People Save â€Å"Dispute† For People Save â€Å"Dispute† For People By Maeve Maddox The verb dispute, like contradict, connotes disagreement. Unlike contradict, dispute does not work equally well with human and nonhuman referents. The following â€Å"clickbait† headline illustrates what I mean: 13 Facts That Will Dispute The Person Who Says Reagan was a Great President Facts or people may contradict, but only people dispute. The verb dispute entered English from Old French in the thirteenth century with the meaning â€Å"to contend with opposing arguments; to debate or argue.† That remains the chief meaning. Another meaning is â€Å"to challenge.† Here are examples of correct usage: The people are tired of  political parties disputing among themselves, he says. How to dispute an error on your credit report Some Experts Dispute Claims Of Looming Doctor Shortage Scientists offered cash to dispute climate study Here are examples in which the verb dispute is used where contradict or another word or phrase would be more apt: There is no evidence in the record that will dispute the fact that Tiger Inn does not invite guest lecturers to speak on its premises. If a person strongly believes in something, any fact that will dispute their point will be automatically denied. The following example from a site belonging to a Spanish speaker seems to use dispute in the sense of contend or perhaps prevail: Fourth step, we must begin to interpret our strategy by thinking about  tactical  actions. These are  the concrete facts  that will dispute over the space of our adversary. I suspect that dispute may be going in the direction of an all-purpose synonym for contradict because it is shorter than most of the alternatives. Meanwhile, careful writers will think twice about who or what is doing the disputing and save the verb dispute for people. Synonyms for dispute in the sense of â€Å"to argue† or â€Å"to voice disagreement†: debate discuss exchange views quarrel disagree clash fall out wrangle bicker squabble Words and phrases that may be used with nonhuman referents in the sense of contradict or refute: contest [kon-TEST] disprove prove wrong prove false debunk discredit invalidate confute conflict with be at odds with be at variance with be inconsistent with run counter to disagree with Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†English Grammar 101: Verb MoodContinue and "Continue on"

Income statement and balance sheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Income statement and balance sheet - Essay Example The business community has more accumulated wealth that the governments of the over 200 countries in the world combined.There are thousands of publicly traded companies been traded on Wall Street and international markets such as the London Stock Exchange every day. Due to the importance of these capital markets there is a need for professionals dedicated to financial reporting. Publicly traded companies have to prepare financial statements every accounting period. The normal accounting period is one year, but most companies also release quarterly financial statements. The four major financial statements are the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flow, and statement of stockholders equity. These four financial statements are included in the Annual Report of corporations. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and describe the income statement and the balance sheet. The income statement and the balance sheet are two interrelated statements. The outcome of the income s tatement affects the equity account of the balance sheet. The income statement is a financial report that provides information regarding the profitability of the company during an accounting period. The top figure in the income statement is sales. Sales are very important because they provide the economic asset needed to operate a business. The sales of the company are subtracted by the cost of goods sold. The subtraction of those variables is the gross profit. At the bottom of the income statement the operating expenses and taxes are subtracted from gross profit to arrive at net income. The income statement is a very valuable report because it indicates how well a business operation is doing in terms of financial success. The income statement reports the revenues and expenses of an enterprise during a natural or fiscal year. The top and bottom figures of the income statement are the two numbers investors look for which are sales and net income. The higher the figure of net income t he better off a company is financially. Net incomes help companies accumulate capital. The net income figure is transferred from the balance sheet to the stockholder’s equity section. The second major financial statement is the balance sheet. The balance sheet is considered a statement of position. This means that the figures illustrated in the balance are the account balances at a specific point in time. The three major components or categories within the balance sheet are assets, liabilities and stockholder’s equity. The internal structure of the balance sheet follows the logic of the basic accounting equation. The basic accounting equation states that assets are equal to liabilities plus stockholder’s equity. An asset can be defined as an item of economic value owned by an individual or corporation (Answers, 2011). The assets in the balance sheet are listed in order to liquidity. The most liquid asset is cash. Equipment and machinery are two examples of asset s. Machinery is a fixed asset that can be used to generate revenues. Assets can also be converted to cash by selling them. The liabilities of a company are short and long term obligations to financial institutions such as banks. It is preferable for a company to have a low level of debt. Debt instruments can be used to finance expansion projects. The debt section of the balance sheet is divided into short and long term liabilities. The last segment of the balance sheet is the equity section. The balance sheet and the income statement are prepared once the accounting department completes the accounting cycle. These two financial statements are extremely valuable pieces of information for the user of financial information. It is mandatory for public companies to release the financial statements at least once a year. The regulatory agency that foresees the financial actions of public corporations is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The data in the balance sheet and income statement can be used by financial analyst or anyone with financial knowledge to perform ratio, trend,

Internship Hedge Fund in Sandell Asset Management Essay

Internship Hedge Fund in Sandell Asset Management - Essay Example Under this environment, many are the times that the day was fully packed with responsibilities but it is a phenomenon that I came to adjust to after my first month when all the tasks became familiar. The firm’s members of staff were quite helpful especially in the first months when I needed them most for guidance to work effectively and efficiently and this made me feel to be part of the firm just as they were (Sweitzer and  King 29-122). It is important to note that the aforementioned duties kept on being added to my in-tray as time went by and as I gained more and more experience of the various fund operations. The job was actually paid and I was earning $17 an hour which I considered fair enough being an intern. When enrolling for the internship I had clear goals and objectives that I aimed at achieving by the end of the period as an intern. The first was to take a test of myself in relation to the field and see whether it is the career line I am willing to take. I was al so aiming at applying the theory learned into practical experience and this was well fulfilled in the work environment. I wanted to learn and acquire work habits in relation to keeping time, enhance my interpersonal skills in a work environment and gain some sense of responsibility. I also endeavored to gain the much-needed experience in my field of study to support my awards and certificates. After an evaluation of the above goals, I realize that I achieved them well as expected. The main challenge that I faced was on handling all the aforementioned tasks within one day as it demanded a great deal of commitment and uprightness on my part. At one point I had just a few responsibilities when the manager in my department offered me the chance to explore more and added me four of the above-mentioned ones especially those that dealt with research and analysis of data and information. This is a line that facilitated a wide scope of knowledge acquisition (Sweitzer and  King 29-122).

In his articles, Zinsser takes a negative view of the college Essay Example for Free

In his articles, Zinsser takes a negative view of the college Essay Pressures that an individual feels affect his disposition towards life. The pressure may be taken as positive or negative depending on the weight it brings a person. Most of the time pressures are viewed to bring about negative effect to the person but some just do not realize that it is the pressure felt by an individual which motivates him to finish a goal. For example, a student is pressured to finish his assignment that is about to be due and if he is not able to finish it, he will be able to receive a low mark. The student then strives hard to finish that assignment on time so that he will not be given low mark by his professor. Sometimes, pressure may also cause a student to do the assignment for the sake of doing it because if he does not submit the assignment on time, he will be able to get a low mark. In short, pressures also bring about negative outputs. In the essay by Zinsser, he had taken a negative view of the college pressures he identified. He identified pressures such as economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. He had discussed that this college pressures had been a hindrance for the college students to enjoy their peer activities, to choose their own college courses to pursue and to do whatever things they find interesting and more enjoyable to do. The pressures he had identified are considered as hindrance for the students to pursue their chosen dreams. He discussed that the pressures had been affecting the students but he didn’t realize that these pressure in the long run will be viewed as valuable for the student. The pressure which Zinsser considered as problems and hindrances for student s will be an important aspect in realizing their true dreams. Economic pressures of the society today should not be viewed negatively or as a hindrance that could consummate a college student who is trying hard to be able to finish his college studies. Otherwise, economic pressures such as the increasing trends of insurances, postage, oils, cost of boarding and tuition fees. Instead of viewing the pressures negatively, the students should be able to consider it as a challenge that they should be able to get through in order to survive in the world where they chose to live. Economic pressures serve as a challenge for the college students to try harder in pursuing their dreams to come true. Yes, it is very true that the economic pressure nowadays greatly affects the situation of the students who are financially unstable but it should not be considered a hindrance for them to pursue whatever they aim to achieve in life. As the competition for scholarships and grants is becoming very tougher and tougher nowadays because of economic deficits felt by large companies, it is really hard to secure one in order to continue studying for college. However, securing a scholarship or grant for a student who really needs to get a scholarship will not be difficult if he have a strong drive or motivation. Nothing is impossible for a person who is really interested and who is really motivated to achieve a goal. Students who are not financially unstable don’t experience the economic pressure that is experienced by the students who are financially constrained. They are more affected with the pressures they feel from their parents. Parents of these students decide that their children must enroll to a law school or a medical school. The reason behind these is that they wanted to make sure that their children get the best education in order for them to have a secured future. Secured future for them is enrolling in a law school or a medical school because these field of education promises large lump of money. Although some people have a negative view towards the pressures a child receive from his parents, these pressures still could cause good effects to the children in the long run. If we make an analysis, in the short run, the pressures that parents give their children may not provide good impacts to them but in the long run, it will be able to do them good. Why? In the long run, the children will little by little accept the fate that their parents had given them and will eventually provide them good results. The student may not be really interested in the field that his parents like him to pursue but as he goes along the way, he will eventually mature and will realize that his parents want him to have the best education for him to be able to have a secured future. As he matures, he will then realize that he is more than fortunate that his parents could provide him the best education they could ever offer unlike the unfortunate children that need to work in order to go to school. Because of the decision his parents made for him when he entered college, he then realizes that the pressures his parents had given him had offered him positive results and it did not turned out to have caused him negative results. Self induced pressure should also be viewed as a valuable and important thing in the building the future of a student. In school, he is pressured to do surpass the efforts that his classmates exert to be able to get high marks. Studying hard as well as exerting so much effort in school is a good trait a student must possess. The students learn in a way that he also has exerted effort. In this case, after graduating, he will be ready to surpass all the pressures of his work. He will not have the feeling of difficulty because he had been equipped with the right knowledge he gained when he was studying. Peer pressures felt by a student is also a valuable thing that he could use when he will seek his first job in the future. Pressure from peer is compared to the pressure that he will feel when he is already employed and will tae orders from his boss. At first, pressures given by peers to a student is not beneficial because it distracts the concentration of the student in studying but eventually in the long run, he will be able to get used in the pressures he feels from his peers. In this way, pressures from work in the long run will not be considered as a hindrance from him to also excel in his work in the future. He had been trained with the pressures his friends had given him and in return, the pressures of his work in the future will not be a problem anymore because he will deal it with enthusiasm. Pressures that a student undergoes during a certain part of his life particularly in his college life are very important and valuable. They should not be viewed negatively because it is a process wherein training is executed. The student is trained to become a real equipped person to be battling in the future in his work as well as in his own life and family. If in his college life, he had been used to pressure, the pressures he will be undergoing in the future will not be a burden for him to succeed instead, it will be regarded as a challenge that is to be solved with patience and perseverance. Works Cited: Zinsser. William (1978). College Pressures. The Norton Reader. Norton-Simon Publishing.

birmingham bowling :: essays research papers

BIRMINGHAM BOWLING CENTERS The first bowling house in Birmingham is somewhat of a mystery. As happens so many times, it depends on whom you ask. Some say there was a bowling house on 1st Avenue North near the Old Terminal Station; while others say the YMCA had the first, with either two or four bowling lanes located in the YMCA building. It is agreed, however, that the first regularly used bowling center was opened in 1933 and known as The Phoenix Bowling Alley, located in the basement of the Phoenix Building at 1706 2nd Avenue North. It was a twelve- (12) lane house, owned and operated by Harry and Elizabeth Arnold. Its opening in 1933 coincided with the forming of the Greater Birmingham Bowling Association. First officers of the association were V.G. Shields - President, Manual A. Ellis -Secretary, and F. J. Stanton - Treasurer, and the Executive Committee included Dr. N. C. Glass, Jr. and M. A. Moran. The Phoenix Bowling Alley remained in business until the Phoenix Building burned down. During the 1930’s and until the war, Birmingham bowling, like most activities, was centralized in the downtown area - between 2nd and 5th Avenues North. Bowling Houses, in addition to Phoenix - in alphabetical order - were: Downtown (Birmingham) Bowling Lanes, Liberty Bowling Alley and Lucky Strike Lanes. Bowling grew in popularity after World War II and continued to grow through the fifties, and with this popularity, came an increase in bowling alleys: Tarrant City (8 lanes), Fairfield (6 lanes), Woodlawn (8 lanes), lrondale (16 lanes), Five Points South (12 lanes), and Chapman Lanes, later to be known as LoMac Bowl (16 lanes). Chapman Lanes got its name from one of the proprietors, Ben Chapman - the great major league baseball player from Birmingham. Marvin Lowry (Lo) and Joe McCorvey (Mac) purchased Chapman Lanes, and the name was changed to LoMac Bowl. It was not long until small 6-12 lane houses gave way to the modern automated centers. In the late 1950’s and into the 1960’s, came the introduction of today’s modern Bowling Centers. The first one to open in Birmingham was Holiday Bowl (32 lanes), followed by Bowl-O-Mac) LoMac Bowl closed and the name was reversed for the new center to read BowLoMac), Eastwood Bowl Roebuck, Ensley, Homewood, Pine Bowl, Trussville (later Cahaba), Green Springs, Vestavia Lanes, Star Bowl, Honey Lanes, El Dorado (later Super Bowl) and Riverview Lanes.

Harley Davidson Marketing Strategy Essay

1. Executive Summary Harley Davidson is an American motorcycle company founded in 1903 by William S. Harley and Arthur Davidson. In the following 108 years of business, the Harley Davidson business has endured the peaks and troughs of economies to be recognised as an iconic brand in the motorcycle industry. After breaking records on the race track, Harley Davidson secures contracts to supply 60000 motorcycles American military during World War II, exposing thousands of servicemen to the Harley Davidson brand. Through clever marketing and positioning, Harley Davidson has shed the bearded biker image, and now appeals to people from varying backgrounds all over the globe. The following report will provide a situational analysis of the Harley Davidson Motorcycle Company and discuss some of the marketing strategies that have enabled Harley Davidson to adapt to its market place and create customer loyalty rarely seen in today’s business environment. Oliver as cited in Sorce (2002) discusses the aspects of developing customer loyalty, and four elements that are necessary in order to do this; 1. The product must be perceived as superior by a large enough segment of the firm’s customers in order to be profitable. 2. The product must be subject to adoration (or focused commitment). 3. The product must have the ability to be embedded in a social network. 4. The firm must be willing to expend resources to create the village (Sorce, 2002). The discussions in the following report will establish without doubt that Harley Davidson has in fact achieved a remarkable level of customer loyalty. By creating this loyalty Harley Davidson engages their customers and enables them to focus on developing long term relationships with them. It would be easy to say that Harley  Davidson is a company that sells motorcycles. In reality they are not just selling motorcycles, they are creating images of a lifestyle; the motorcycle is merely a repr esentation of this image. The motorcycle does not project the image; it fills the image. (FÄ ±rat, Dholakia & Venkatesh, 1995) 2. Situational Analysis 2a.Strengths Harley Davidson is fortunate to hold a market position that boasts multiple strengths and opportunities that potentially outweigh their threats and weaknesses. In 2010 Harley Davidson gained approximately 55% of the heavy weight motorcycle market in the USA, a marginal increase from 2009 and substantially higher than 2008 (Harley Davidson, 2011). This is a promising trend in economically uncertain times. The brand recognition of Harley Davidson continues and remains a distinct advantage over its competition, especially in the American market. In recent years, Harley Davidson has made a concerted effort in targeting a wider range of customers with their range of motorcycles. By the end of 2010 Harley Davidson has also become the number 1 seller of heavy weight motorcycles to women, Hispanics and African-Americans. Another success has been in a market of which they had been previously criticised for not targeting well, young adults between the ages 18-34; as of 2010 they now hold that number 1 position as well (HD, 2011). There is little doubt that the real success in target marketing has been the development of the Harley Owners Group (HOG). HOG membership is given with all purchases of a new Harley Davidson motorcycle; affording the members benefits such as roadside assistance, HOG magazine, Fly and ride rental deals, touring information and event information. The HOG group sums it up well on their website; â€Å"the Harley Owners Group is more than just a motorcycle organisation. It is one million people around the world united by a common passion: making the Harley-Davidson dream a way of life† (HD, 2011). 2b.Weaknesses Although the USA market is very strong for Harley Davidson, they are making slow progress in gaining market share in the international market. The customer loyalty that Harley Davidson enjoys in the USA is challenged internationally by rival heavy weight manufacturers such as BMW, Triumph, Honda and Kawasaki. Internationally, Europe has the largest demand for heavy weight motorcycles; in which Harley Davidson has only managed to acquire less than 13% of this lucrative market (HD, 2011). 2c.Opportunities One of Harley Davidson biggest opportunities is intrinsically linked to its major weakness. Internationally there is a large bit of a very big pie that Harley Davidson has not managed to attain. Although Harley Davidson has less than 13% of the heavy weight motorcycle sales in Europe, they manage to hold the number 2 ranking in this market. This ranking indicates that no one competitor owns the heavy weight market in Europe and suggests that the customer loyalty amongst the competitors is far from what Harley Davidson enjoys in the USA. Having achieved the number one ranking for sales to women, Harley Davidson still have a large potential customer base in attracting more women riders. Since 2007 Harley Davidson has doubled its marketing spend and released bikes more suited to women riders, who now account for 12% of Harley Davidson sales in the USA (Clothier, 2010). 2d.Threats Aside from the usual threats posed by competitors in the heavyweight market, Harley Davidson will face the same threat that looms for most manufacturers†¦economic uncertainty. Although the current economic situation in the USA is unlikely to threaten the current Harley Davidson market share in its core market; it may certainly threaten its financial stability. The loyal customers in the USA may not turn away from Harley Davidson, but they will be more likely to delay their planned upgrades and apparel purchases. The economic threats in the international market may pose a more serious threat to Harley Davidson. Not only are there financial pressures present in all international markets, but they are more susceptible to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. If these pressures cause Harley Davidson dealers to close their doors it can lead to a downward pressure on motorcycle prices, reduced retail coverage, reduced servicing capabilities and a general negative impression on Harle y Davidson as a brand. (HD, 2011) 3. Analysis of Harley Davidson Case Study Joanne Bischmann, VP of Marketing for Harley-Davidson identifies the company’s value proposition by stating â€Å"We fulfil dreams inspired by the many roads of the world by providing extraordinary motorcycles and customer experiences. We fuel the passion for freedom in our customers to express their own individuality† (Pearson Prentice Hall,2011). The viewer is left with a clear understanding that Harley Davidson is not just about selling motorcycles; they are selling visions and lifestyles. It is interesting to note that even Joanne Bischmann has been sold on this; she explains bluntly that she would rather give up most other things than her Harley. It is also customary for other Harley Davidson executives to attend HOG rallies, enabling them to not only get a feel for their product, but develop an understanding of the people that purchase their product. (Berry, 2002) There is little doubt that one of Harley Davidson’s greatest successes in its marketing strate gies has been the conception of the Harley Owners Group (H.O.G). H.O.G has given Harley Davidson continued and authorised access to their customers and helped the company to create a definite brand community. By establishing this brand community, H.O.G has nurtured a relationship between the customer and the company, the brand, the company’s products and importantly, fellow customers. The rallies and functions organised by H.O.G has brought customers and groups together unrelated in any way other than the mutual appreciation of a Harley Davidson product (MacAlexander, Schouten & Keoning, 2002). In doing this Harley Davidson has managed to deliver on the promises of benefits in their value proposition, making it a reality rather than just words. Harley Davidson has developed a customer loyalty that would make most manufacturers envious. Through clever strategic marketing Harley Davidson has established a quality product that provides the loyal consumer with exactly what they are seeking. In essence they have created a following of â€Å"True Friends† as described by Armstrong and Kotler (2011); The firm wants to make continuous relationship investments to delight these custom ers and nurture, retain, and grow them. It wants to turn true friends into true believers who come back regularly and tell others about their experience with the company. It would be difficult to match the above definition any closer than H.O.G manages to do so. They bring together passionate individuals and groups who are fiercely loyal to the Harley Davidson brand. It would be difficult to believe that the members do not wax  lyrical about their adventures and travels with H.O.G delivering a whole new range of potential customers to Harley Davidson. When considering the Harley Davidson brand community it seems likely that the groups Armstrong and Kotler (2011) term Strangers or Barnacles would account for a minimal share of their customer base. With the presence of so many â€Å"True Friends†, Harley Davidson has undoubtedly established a customer equity base of considerable proportion. It is not only the fact that a Harley owner is a loyal fan; approximately 75% of them are repeat buyers. The customers have bought in to the romance and lifestyle of the brand supporting the idea that â€Å"investment in a Harley is more than financial and the role of the bike is more than functional† (Schembri, 2008). In addition to the cus tomer equity, this principle may in turn lead to actual financial equity as indicated by MacAlexander et al. (2002) many loyal customers have a tendency to invest in the company’s stock, their emotional investment in the welfare of the company and a desire to contribute to the success of the company. Although the customer loyalty factor no doubt accounts for substantial customer equity for Harley Davidson, the fact that they manufacture a quality product is of even more importance. If the product was not first rate, no amount of marketing would be able to attract new buyers and convince current consumers to repurchase motorcycles. Harley Davidson has made changes to its product range in order to meet the demands of what they call their outreach customers. By introducing a range of motorcycles that are more suited to women buyers they have been able to attain the number 1 status in that market. Some models of their Sportster range have had the seats lowered and weights reduced by 150lbs in order to appeal to the woman rider (HD, 2011). 4. Recommendations Harley Davidson USA and Europe are the key business regions for the company, accounting for 83% of the new motorcycle sales in 2010 (HD, 2011). It will be difficult to significantly grow the business in the USA due to their already large market share and the continuing unsettled economic conditions. 36 Harley Davidson dealers in the USA closed during 2010 with more stores expected to close during 2011 (HD, 2011). If any business growth is to be seen in the USA market, the outreach customers will be the likely sector that can contribute towards this. Harley Davidson needs to keep focusing on  the outreach customers and target their marketing to this group. There is still significant room for growth in the international market for Harley Davidson. The major risk factor associated with this market will also be the uncertainty in the economic conditions. Europe financial instability will be of concern to any company wishing to grow any business in non-essential items. It may be prudent of Harley Davidson to wait and see how the European markets recover from recent stresses. With Europe being the largest international market of heavy weight vehicles (HD, 2011), Harley Davidson need to keep a strong presence in the region. In particular, there seems to be good potential in targeting the outreach customers in this region. Harley Davidson Finance also has some potential to grow in the near future. Internal finance options for buyers is important the business and the likelihood that financing options for buyers will be made easier due to this option. 5. References Armstrong, Gary and Kotler, Philip 2011, Marketing: an introduction, 10th edition (pp. 50-51), Pearson Prentice Hall, USA. Oliver, Richard L. (1999). Whence Consumer Loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63, 33-44 Sorce, P. (2002). Relationship marketing: A research monograph of the printing industry center at RIT. New York, USA: Rochester Institute of Technology Firat, F., Dholakia, N. & Venkatesh, A. (1995). Marketing in a postmodern world. European Journal of Marketing, 29, (1) 40-46 Harley Davidson Inc. (2011). Harley Davidson Inc. 2010 annual report. Retrieved from http://www.harley-davidson.com/en_US/Content/Pages/home.html Clothier, M. (2010, September 30). Why Harley is showing its feminine side. Bloomberg Business Week. Retrieved from: www.businessweek.com Pearson Prentice Hall (Producer). (2011). Creating & capturing customer value [Video]. USA. Berry, L. (2002). Relationship marketing of services – perspectives from 1983 and 2000. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 1, (1) 59-77 MacAlexander, J., Schouten, J. & Koening, H. (2002). Building brand community. Journal of Marketing, 66, 38-54 Schembri, S. (2008). Reframing brand experience: The experiential meaning of Harley–Davidson. Journal of Business Research. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.11.004

Henrician Reformation

To What Extent Was The Henrician Reformation Inspired By The Political And Dynastic Consideration Rather Than Religious Ideology? The Henrician Reformation posed many religiously inspired ideology as well as both political and dynastic considerations. Evidence shows all three played their particular part in successfully inspiring the Henrician Reformation. From various acts being passed in 1533 and 1534, with one of them being The Act of Supremacy, in which Henry’s dynasty becomes more powerful than it was before. However, religiously the reformation was inspired by such things as, the break from Rome and the Pope due to Henry’s need for a divorce form Catherine of Aragon. Also the denominational faith of England being changed to the new ‘Church of England’ faith. Henry’s dynasty was in tact right up to the point in which he died. This was due to, The Supremacy Act. He got what he wanted in terms of wealth, divorce, etc. and the people were fine with his power as it didn’t per say affect until he began closing the monasteries. Henry used parliament and politics to make known his growing supremacy over the Church of England faith. He did initially do this to allow the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In the 1540s, as Henry’s health go down hill and was not very substantial, William Paget and Co. rallied a successful overthrow against the conservatives. This in turn allowed them to not only control the king’s will but also seize power in the next reign. The Henrician Reformation did however become inspired by religious ideology. The pregnancy of Anne Boleyn ignited Henry’s already urgent plea to be granted a divorce from his current wife, Catherine of Aragon. The pregnancy itself was a social faux par and id not please the Pope and the divorce proceedings would only make the issue worse. This was the first religious inspiration, which could be said to have inspired the Henrician Reformation, which eventually resulted in the break from Rome and the Pope, giving England its new Protestant faith, The Church of England. Once Henry had succumbed to the inevitable loss of his money he and Thomas Cromwell devised a plan to close the monasteries. This would allow Henry to gain money form the tithes and annates. In 1536 the Ten Articles were published. The Ten Articles declared that ‘Christ’s body and blood were actually present ‘substantially’. This statement meant that it could be used by Catholics or Lutherans as well. It was done in the thinking that it would justify the articles which proclaimed that ‘sinners attain the justification by contrition and faith joined with chanty’. This was a Catholic fixation. 3 years later, in 1539, The Act of Six Articles was published. It was published as it came to light that England was not as protestant as hoped and still remained substantially Catholic. Denial of transubstantiation was made punishable by burning. Politically and dynastically the reformation was inspired but evidence shows that without the religious ideology, it wouldn’t have become such a famous reform. Religious ideology initially started off the reformation, with Henry wanting a male heir to the throne of England. Dynastic and political considerations only back-up the initial fact. The Henrician Reformation began with religion and although it was inspired by politics and dynasty, this can’t take away from the fact that religion had a profound effect on the Henrician Reformation.

Effects of Waste Disposal Essay Example

Effects of Waste Disposal Essay Example Effects of Waste Disposal Essay Effects of Waste Disposal Essay Waste disposal falls into three general categories: non-hazardous, hazardous and nuclear waste disposal. Non-hazardous waste includes household or office waste such as food, product containers, and waste that can be recycled. Hazardous waste includes industrial and residential chemicals, petroleum products and heavy metals. Nuclear waste may include spent fuel rods from a nuclear reactor, medical nuclear waste or equipment used to handle radioactive materials. Improper disposal of waste can have serious effects. Non-hazardous Waste 1. The term non-hazardous waste is something of a misnomerit simply means that the waste does not meet certain measures of hazard. Non-hazardous waste can still have negative impacts on human health and the environment since it nevertheless decays, harboring significant amounts of bacteria and posing serious health risks to humans. Decomposing food waste can alter ecosystems by altering the eating patterns of local animals and polluting water and soil. Hazardous Waste . Hazardous waste is inherently dangerous to living creatures, damaging soil and water and killing local wildlife and fish; it can also affect crop growth and whether the produce can still be safely eaten. Heavy metal waste can have serious neurological effects if consumed or absorbed through the skin, and can contribute to the development of cancer, respiratory problems, neurological and developmental disorders and birth defects. Radioactive Waste 3. Radioactive waste represents what is, to many, the most frightening type of toxic waste. The negative effects of exposure to higher levels of radiation are well known, with cancer and death being the most obvious. In the case of improper disposal or storage of high level nuclear waste, the environmental risks are severe. Radioactivity cannot be purged; rather, it must dissipate over time, with high levels often taking thousands of years. Radiation can also alter cellular structure and enter the food chain. Fortunately, regulation and control of nuclear waste is extraordinarily trict and nuclear contamination extremely uncommon. Air Pollution 4. Air pollution is a problem without one specific source. Created by emissions from industrial plants, homes, cars, and businesses such as dry cleaners and printers, smog is the most obvious type of air pollution, simply because it is visible. Air pollution is also responsible for acid rain, greenhouse gases, and ozone depletion, and may also play a role in respiratory problems by exacerbating asthma, inflaming lung tissue, and redu cing lung function.

How to Write an MBA Essay

How to Write an MBA Essay Most graduate business programs require applicants to submit at least one MBA essay as part of the application process. Admissions committees use essays, along with other application components, to determine whether or not you are a good fit for their business school. A well-written MBA essay can increase your chances of acceptance and help you stand out among other applicants.Choosing an MBA Essay TopicIn most cases, you will be assigned a topic or instructed to answer a specific question. However, there are some schools that allow you to choose a topic or select from a short list of provided topics.If you are given the opportunity to choose your own MBA essay topic, you should make strategic choices that allow you to highlight your best qualities. This may include an essay that demonstrates your leadership ability, an essay that showcases your ability to overcome obstacles, or an essay that clearly defines your career goals.Chances are, you will be asked to submit multiple essays - usually two or three. You may also have the opportunity to submit an optional essay. Optional essays are usually guideline and topic free, which means you can write about anything you want. Find out when to use the optional essay.Whatever topic you choose, be sure to come up with stories that support the topic or answer a specific question. Your MBA essay should be focused and feature you as the central player.Common MBA Essay TopicsRemember, most business schools will provide you with a topic to write on. Although topics can vary from school to school, there are a few common topics/questions that can be found on many business school applications. They include: Why attend this business school?What are your career goals?What are your short-term and long-term goals?What will you do with your degree?How will a degree help you achieve your goals?Why do you want an MBA?What matters to you most and why?What are your strengths and weaknesses?What is your biggest accomplishment?What is your biggest regret?How have you failed in the past?How do you respond to adversity?What challenges have you overcome?Who do you admire most and why?Who are you?How will you contribute to this program?Why do you have leadership potential?How do you explain weaknesses in your academic record? Answer the QuestionOne of the biggest mistakes that MBA applicants make is not answering the question they are asked. If you are asked about your professional goals, then professional goals - not personal goals - should be the focus of the essay. If you are asked about your failures, you should discuss mistakes you have made and lessons you have learned - not accomplishments or success.Stick to the topic and avoid beating around the bush. Your essay should be direct and pointed from start to finish. It should also focus on you. Remember, an MBA essay is meant to introduce you to the admissions committee. You should be the main character of the story. It is okay to describe admiring someone else, learning from someone else, or helping someone else, but these mentions should support the story of you - not cover it up.See another MBA essay mistake to avoid.Basic Essay TipsAs with any essay assignment, youll want to carefully follow any instructions you are given. Again, answer the quest ion assigned to you - keep it focused and concise. It is also important to pay attention to word counts. If you are asked for a 500-word essay, you should aim for 500 words, rather than 400 or 600. Make every word count.Your essay should also be readable and grammatically correct. The entire paper should be free of errors. Do not use special paper or a crazy font. Keep it simple and professional. Above all, give yourself enough time to write your MBA essays. You don’t want to have to slop through them and turn in something thats less than your best work simply because you had to meet a deadline.See a list of essay style tips.More Essay Writing Tips Take time to reflect on yourself, your goals, your accomplishments, your strengths, your weaknesses, etc. before you begin writing your essay.Research the school until you have a good understanding of the schools mission, culture, programs, and approach.Create an outline to organize your ideas before you start writing.Use anecdotes and personal stories to make your essay original.Dont be too academic - an MBA essay isnt a term paper. It is a marketing packet designed to introduce you.Be specific and detailed. Use examples. Support your statements.Keep it real. You want to impress, but honesty is key.Dont be afraid to be creative. If youre asked where you see yourself five years from now, you can avoid the standard answer and write a diary entry for that day in the future or pretend that youre telling your children about your first job after grad school.Make your essay interesting. Some admissions reps read more than 1,000 essays answering the same question. Hook them with the intro a nd keep them interested throughout to make your essay stand out among everyone elses. Remember that the #1 rule when writing an MBA essay is to answer the question/stay on topic. When you have finished your essay, ask at least two people to proofread it and guess the topic or question you were trying to answer. If they do not guess correctly, you should revisit the essay and adjust the focus until your proofreaders can easily tell what the essay is supposed to be about.

The Disappeared Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Disappeared - Essay Example The author employs comparison when Anders tries to compare his home country (Sweden) with America. Such comparison creates suspense as the reader becomes intrigued and reads on in an attempt to figure out the origin and cause of the pungent smell. Baxter employs dialogue to amplify the suspense as the reader tries to figure out the cause of the smell. Anders and the cab driver engage in dialogue as he [Anders] attempts to understand the environment. Baxter portrays Anders as naà ¯ve and the cab driver as the resident used to the environment. The cab driver explains to Anders that the pungent smell represents Detroit. Baxter employs a metaphor by linking the smell to Detroit. In addition, it is evident that Anders is in a dilemma between understanding what the driver said and his thoughts that the smell came from a fire. The reader is forced to read on to establish why Detroit is associated with such a smell and how Anders will cope maneuvering the city with such

Systems and Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Systems and Operation Management - Essay Example The reason why Apple is one of the most acclaimed companies that stands out from the rest of the technology companies is the fact that it has continued to grow through the continuous redefinition of standards and techniques of innovation right from the products designed, to the way that they are marketed and also their improvement. The partnership of Wozniak and Jobs proved to be the perfect recipe for building one of the largest technology companies in the world. The former was the real technical genius who endeavored to create the first computer whereas the latter made advertisements and was involved in the marketing of the first computer. In the summer of 1976, the first computer named apple I was created. By either luck or intensive marketing, it was sold to the Byte Shop which was the premier retail customer chain in the world. The remarkable feat is that the two were able to successfully build and sell all of the first 50 computers that they made in that first summer in operati on. The official incorporation of the company occurred on January 3rd in 1977. This gave the two partners the motivation they required and in that year, they started working on the Apple II but this time with the help of some of their friends who were technically-savvy. The company image was born out of Job’s passion for computers which led to him consulting with the then retired Intel Corporation’s marketing manager, Michael Markkula who even bought a third of the company for $250,000. As the business grew, the three partners thought it prudent to appoint Michael Scott as their CEO and the first president. However, before the launch of the Apple two, it was decided that the company update its image. This led to the involvement of Robert Janoff. The design that he designed is still in use even up to today. The art director states that the only direction that he got from Steve Jobs was that he should not attempt to make the design sweet (Razl 2009). The Apple II and its antecedent the Apple I were very great successes for the company. This prompted them to start working on the Apple III. This project was the first failure for the company and it sparked a protracted battle between Scott and Jobs. This escalated when Scott unanimously, without consulting the board of directors, to sack 40 employees. This action led to his demotion to vice chairman with Jobs assuming the mantle of chairman. Markkula assumed the position of CEO and this led to Scott’s resignation in 1981. Although the tension within the company continued to escalate, the Apple Lisa was to be developed using a new Graphic User Interface (GUI) (Bellis 2009). Jobs were the brainchild behind this development after a visit to the Xerox Company and it is no wonder that the computer was named after his oldest daughter. Xerox seemed oblivious to the potential that this technology had and although they were using it in their products, they did not consider it as being viable to be used in personal computers. Jobs as the lead designer of the Lisa continued to test consumer reaction while continuously improving the interface. Markkula, being impatient with this maneuver relieved Jobs of his role as the lead designer which in turn led him to being demoted and subsequently, John Sculley was hired as the new CEO. The

Corporate Social and Ethical Responsibilities of the Caarmania Assignment - 2

Corporate Social and Ethical Responsibilities of the Caarmania - Assignment Example The targeted customers of the company are all car lovers from infants to the elderly ones. We identified that car and speed are real passion for many people and toy cars are one way for satisfying this passion. Therefore, the customer groups of the company include all age groups. Scale model cars are mainly targeted at the elderly people while the radio controlled cars are mainly targeted at the age group below 20. Thus Caarmania intends to be a one-stop solution for the car lovers of all age groups. The ethical responsibilities of the company include selling of toys that are not harmful or hazardous to the customer to whom it is sold. We avoid selling products that are manufactured by materials which are potentially harmful for the customers. We make a good analysis of the material quality of the toys before taking the orders. As a social being we understand our commitment towards the society that we operate. Therefore, we support a recycling system under which we take broken or use less toys from the customers and send them to third-party recycling units. This way the plastic and other metal wastes arising out of unused toys are reduced. In order to encourage the customers for this, we also pay such customers based on the toys that are returned. Caarmania had to undergo various challenges in the initial years of its operation. The main challenge faced by the company is to reach the customers. Unlike other toy retailers, Caarmania is targeted on all the age groups. Therefore, marketing activities had to be carried on to reach all the customer groups. To target children, we focused on schools. We sponsored various events conducted at major schools in the cities. We also conducted painting competitions at the cities where we had presence. This way, we were able to reach the children as well as the parents. The second main challenge we faced is the source of fund for expansion. Though we were established in 2007 we adopted an aggressive strategy on the expansion s ide. We wanted to capture the market before the competitors would. Expanding to other market even before breakeven was a challenge. Funding by venture capitalists helped to overcome the challenge of raising fund for expansion. Now we are well established in all the five cities and the business is doing very well on all these cities. (Alessandro, 2006) Employees and their commitment have been the backbone of the success of our company. We have a total of 80 employees including those who are involved in the transport and logistics. Salespersons represent the largest group among our employees. We treat every single employee as a factor of success of our business. In Caarmania, we address each other by their first name irrespective of their designation. From the observation of what we have practiced over years in our company, we understand that employees are motivated by outcomes and expectations.

Effects Autism Has On Communication Psychology Essay

Effects Autism Has On Communication Psychology Essay This research report is about Autism and the effects it has in Communication. This disorder has always been interesting to me. Autism is a developmental disorder that affects 1 in every 150 children. There are several different types of Autism but the most commonly known are Asperger Syndrome and general Autism. Asperger Syndrome is when children have problems communicating and interacting with others but have good communication skills. They can also be sensative to loud sounds, bright lights and tastes. Children with Aspergers have an obsession with one thing or any subject that they find appealing. Classical Autism is the most common of the disorders. Autism symptoms include problems with social interaction, repeating actions and phrases and difficulty with communicating in general. Autistic children become obsessed with certain subjects but lack interest in other areas. These children are known for being socially withdrawn, little emotion, and isolated. I want to know how does Com munication affect autistic people in everyday life? I recently watched a documentary on Autism, where a normal guy lived with a twenty year old Autistic boy. He wanted to put himself into an Autistic childs lifestyle and see how the most simple tasks can be some of the hardest things to do for someone who has Autism. I am interested in finding out if the things that set them off can be monitored, will it eventually stop being a problem in their lives. Autistic kids spend everyday of their lives fighting their inner thoughts and when speaking out loud. Autism has so many unanswered questions. I want to do more research and find out testimonies from people with Autism and their struggles with Communication. Autism is something I am sure everyone has been in contact with and you have not even realized it. I think by more people learning about this disorder maybe it can be improved somehow. I feel like this is a disorder that can be managed and one day the children diagnosed with it cou ld be more comfortable with themselves and the way they communicate with others. Anderson A., Litras S., Moore D.W. (2010). Using Video Self-Modelled Social Stories to Teach Social Skills to a Young Child with Autism, Autism Research and Treatment, Vol. 2010, 9 pages. This research report is the study of how video modelling and social studies effect a three year old child with Autism. In this report the researchers point out that social intervention has a crucial effect at an early age if signs of Autism are caught early. It is pointed out that if these behavoirs are caught it will be beneficial later on in life. Social Stories are used to show children with autism how to manage their behavior during social situations by describing where the activity is likely to take place, when and how it will occur, and responses the target child could display. There has also been interest in the use of video modelling, in the treatment of children with autism. Video technology appears well suited to children and fitting to the needs of children with autism. Video modelling involves a child watching specifically made video tapes of him or herself, peers or adults engaging in a behavior being taught. The effectiveness of video modelling for children with autism has been demonstrated for conversational speech, social initiations, and play-behaviors. This report will be useful to my research because it provides actual studies on children and their social behaviors. It is important in my research to have testamonies of actual field research. Bock, G., Goode, J. (2003). Autism: Neural basis and treatment possibilities. Novartis Foundation symposium, 251. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. There have been many advances in research into the nature of autism and our concepts of autism have undergone a radical change.The view was that autism was an early stage of schizophrenia that had been caused by so-called refrigerator parenting. It became clear that it was a mistaken concept and that autism constitutes a neurodevelopmental disorder with a distinctive pattern of cognitive defects and that it is strongly genetically influenced. The point is to tackle the challenges from a range of different perspectives in the hope that a coming together of minds, and of different research strategies, may move research forward. The huge rise in diagnosed autism is a consequence of a major broadening of the concept of autism .The rise is unlikely to have been genetically determined? There have been claims that the rise is due to the use of the combined measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) vaccine but that does not seem very likely. The rise began before the introduction of MMR and it continued to rise, without any plateauing, after MMR was used with the vast majority of the population. The prevailing consensus at the moment is that autism spectrum disorders constitute a continuum extending from mild autism to severe handicap.Why is it that individuals with the broader phenotype do not have associated mental retardation and do not seem to have an increase in the rate of epilepsy, both being very characteristic correlates of autism? Th is critical essay is reporting on how people used to think Autism was not a social disorder but cause by certain diseases. I like this article because it shows how far research has come in this field and there are more humane thoughts about Autism. Luiselli, J. K. (2008). Effective practices for children with autism: Educational and behavioral support interventions that work. New York: Oxford University Press. Children who have autism require educational and treatment services. There are a many approaches currently recommended to practitioners and parents, but little is known about their efficacy. Which are the most effective in teaching skills, overcoming behavior challenges, and improving quality of life? Methods must be based in research settings, but be easily extended to real world settings where children with autism live, go to school and socialize.Identifying and validating effective practices is a difficult process, but an important one for responsible research and practice. This critical essay brings together many views on interventions for autism education and behavior. With contributors from a variety of disciplines and orientations, Effective Practices for Children with Autism presents a critical view of current practice standards, emphasizing procedures and research-to-practice applications. This book was intended for researchers and doctors in this field, the book is for eval uating educational and treatment procedures, which acknowledge the most effective ways of going about treatments of Autism. Hacking I. (2010). Autism fiction: A mirror of an internet decade. University of Toronto Quarterly 79(2), 632-655. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from Project MUSE database. In the past ten years there has been an explosion of literature fiction and non-fiction, in which autism plays a key role. This critical essay explores the diverse genre that has resulted and examines some of its effects on the evolution of our understanding of autism and on our ability to talk about autistic experience. The role of the Internet in enabling autistic people to interact with others while avoiding the difficulties of face-to-face interaction. It proposes that the public fascination with autistic texts mirrors the dominance of the Internet in daily life. Both texts and the Internet represent changes in communication. Rogers, S. J. Interventions That Facilitate Socialization in Children with Autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2000-10-01Springer Netherlands 0162-3257 Behavioral Science 399, 409, 30, 5. Being socially handicap is one of the most defining and handicapping features of Autism. One of the most important parts in Autism research is improving social function. Many social experiments have been published in autism literature. Children with autism are responsive to a variety of interventions aimed at increasing their social engagement with others. Successful strategies such as peer tutoring have involved autistic children. Several studies have demonstrated that social engagement directly affects other important behaviors like language, even when these behaviors are not specifically targeted by the teaching program. While an area of severe involvement, social behavior is also responsive to intervention. I believe this critical essay is an important part of my research because it gives the background of Autism and extensive information on what measures need to be taken to improve the social behaviors of Autistic children. Sansosti F.J. and Powell-Smith K. A. (2008). Using computer-presented social stories and video models to increase the social communication skills of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders, Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 162-178. This research report on three children with High-Functioning Autism and Aspergers Syndrome, they are the subjects of a two week research study that was done by video modelling. The data was collected twice a week through daily tasks that are not monitored. One of the main events monitored was recess. The research in this report showed that with using video modelling and social stories is helpful for children with Autism and Aspergers Syndrome. This report is helpful to my research because it shows a daily plan of how the research was done and how effective it can be if done routinely. Shute, N. (2010). Desperate for an Autism Cure. Scientific American, 303(4), 80-85. Retrieved from Nursing Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive database. The research report discusses the reliance on risky alternative therapies by parents of autistic children as valid treatments become rarer. According to the report the percentage of autistic children in the U.S. that are receiving alternative treatments is high. The author argues that many of the non-conventional therapies are unreal and that some practitioners are prescribing drugs that have never been tested for safety or efficacy in the treatment of autism. Points include how increased public awareness and the demand by parents for proven treatments have resulted in increased research funding for autism Stacey, P. (2003). The boy who loved windows: Opening the heart and mind of a child threatened with autism. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. This book is a personal memoir that is written first hand about a boy with Autism. It begins with the diagnosis, through a five-year span through alternative medicine, brain research, and the work of pioneering psychiatrist Stanley Greenspan who helped bring their son into full contact with the world. In 1997 Patricia Stacey and her husband Cliff learned that their six-month-old son might never walk or talk, or even hear or see. Shocked with his prognosis they can not live with this prediction, they start on a five-year escapade that took them into the world of Autism. Their search led them to pioneering developmental psychiatrist Stanley Greenspan who helped them save their son and bring him into full contact with the world. This memoir is hopeful and gives people an insight on the way of life in a childs world with Autism. In some ways you make yourself apart of their lives instead of them living in the real world. This critical essay explores all of the ups and downs of this famil ies struggle with this social disorder. The Boy Who Loved Windows is inspiring reading for parents and professionals who care for children with autism.  

Poorly Written Essay :: essays research papers

Persuasive Essay â€Å"Poorly Written Communication†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poorly Written Communication 2 Thesis: After a poorly written memo caused hard feelings and loss of morale, the company decided to start writing courses, believing that the effectiveness of enhancing written communication skills within a work place is necessary for any successful business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"A case for clear writing† C. Petrini states, the ability to communicate written information in a clear, concise and accurate manner can provide significant benefits to employees and their companies. Poor communication within a work place can cause serious miscommunication, which in ways could cause loss of work time, due to doing the wrong job. Another problem that could dampen works productivity is hurt feelings. This alone could cripple a business by causing lack of productivity and lack of morale. If you ever plan to expand, your business and have a successful one, you need good writing skills.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If our business continues to have a lack of writing ability, it could result in personnel quitting or total lack of respect in the end. There are many other areas in which this could affect our business but one, which would really be an eye opener, is a possible lawsuit. In the article â€Å" The you understood† P. Vassallo it says When writing we don’t have the luxury of using vocal intonations or body language to add to our meaning. If you call someone crazy in writing, you suggest either that person lacks sanity or that you lack judgment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A writing workshop would benefit our business in many ways. The first thing that comes to mind is higher morale, Since the workshop would teach us to write clear and concise papers, this could cause less confusion with the employees when reading bulletins published by management and a lot less hurt feelings. As stated in â€Å" Improving your technical writing† by R. Ramsey, the ability to write competently is a requirement for success in any field.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poorly Written Communication 3 Written communication should be treated as sales letters. I did my research and found A local college that offers a 20-hour class on professional writing and improving poor writing skills within a business. The college informed me that it offers offer two different classes one for higher management and one for all the other employees. The two courses are 20 hours in length and each can handle 25 students. After a closer look at what is being taught in the courses I have listed a few of the topics covered I feel that are important to

Importance Of Teacher Motivation Education Essay

A survey of instructors ‘ motive consists of two chief subjects. The first one identifies the different factors impacting instructors ‘ motive, while the 2nd facet analyses how the school caputs can impact on instructors ‘ motive through their leading. This chapter explains the importance of instructor motive. The motivational factors for instructors, using literature findings are reviewed.2.2: Importance of instructor motiveSchools exist, chiefly to educate kids. It is for this intent that instructors are employed in schools ( Fiddler & A ; Atton, 1997 ) . Teachers are, therefore, the most of import professionals for any state ‘s hereafter. However, without equal support and resources, instructors will non be motivated although they may be extremely qualified. It is sad to observe that instructors, the most valuable human resource, are frequently neglected ( Abdo, 2001 ) . One should bear in head that a state ‘s strength depends on the high quality of i ts instruction system and the strength of such a system, in bend, relies on qualified and motivated instructors. Inspired and motivated are indispensable in supplying quality instruction. Schools would decidedly non last without motivated and dedicated instructors.2.3: Factors impacting instructors ‘ motiveResearch ( Eimers, 1997 ) has shown that instructors are influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Further surveies on motive for learning distinguished between intrinsic, extrinsic and selfless grounds for taking the profession ( Kyriacou & A ; Coulthard, 2000 ; Moran, Kilpatrick, Abbott, Dallat, & A ; McClune, 2001 ) . Intrinsically motivated instructors are focused on instruction and the activity related to the occupation itself. The built-in satisfaction or the joy of instruction is viewed as the drive force. The extrinsically motivated instructors focus on the benefits of learning, such as salary, holidaies or other external wagess connected to the occupation. Finally, the selflessly motivated teacher positions learning as a socially worthwhile and of import occupation, and has a desire to be portion of immature peoples ‘ growing and devel opment. Barmby ( 2006, p. 253 ) extrapolated these findings and points out that instructors ‘ motive is influenced less by externally initiated factors such as salary, educational policy and reform and conditions of service, than by those emanating from the intrinsic context within which they work. Harmonizing to Hallinger and Heck ( 1998 ) , school leaders can play a critical function in the success of educational establishments. To the extent that school leaders can command the results of instructors ‘ attempts, they can act upon the degrees of motive instructors experience ( Silver, 1982 ) . This can be through their influence on instructors ‘ morale and motive. Surveies have lent cogent evidence ( Hallinger and Heck, 1998 ; Leithwood and Jantzi, 2005 ; Leithwood and Mascall, 2008 ) that School leading affects the manner instructors teach, and therefore, impact straight on pupil public presentation. Since school leaders can, in one manner or the other, impact the intrinsic factors listed, they, therefore, play an highly function in actuating instructors. Indeed, in an effort to analyze instructors ‘ motive, Pitre ( 2003 ) found important relationship between school leading and teacher motive. A school caput should non merely be an effectual leader, director and counsellor, but besides an effectual incentive. Motivated instructors are productive instructors ( Osterloh, Bruno and Frost, 2001 ) as they have occupation satisfaction. School leaders should bear in head that without these, educational programmes may be profoundly weakened ( Snowden and Gorton, 2002 ) . This is supported by Brown ‘s survey ( 2005 ) , which found important nexus between political, local and organizational factors and the usage of inducements to actuate instructors in charter schools. Motivation was higher where more external inducements were provided. In fact, School leading and Teacher Motivation are two things that are inextricably linked.2.4 Importance of leading in schoolsFor much of the 20th century, the function of the school caput was that of director, where he/she was expected to pull off forces and budget, while managing other operational issues ( Usdan, McCloud, & A ; Podmostko, 2000 ) . Studies on the subject suggest that in the yesteryear, principals were able to win, at least partly, by merely transporting out the directives of cardinal decision makers ( Perez et al. 1999 ) . Today, in a quickly altering epoch of standards-based reform, as instruction moved into a new epoch of answerability, a different construct has emerged. Harmonizing to Dussault and Barnett ( 1996 ) , educational administrations are confronting many challenges and this displacement brings with it dramatic alterations in what public instruction demands from principals. School principals must, hence, heighten the quality of their services ; they can no longer map merely as edifice directors, tasked with adhering to territory regulations, transporting out ordinances and avoiding errors. â€Å" Management † by principals is no longer plen ty to run into today ‘s educational challenges ( Mulford, 2003 ) . Researchers ( Dussault and Barnett, 1996 ) claim that the existent state of affairss in schools call for betterment and educational leading. As Cawelti ( 1984, p.3 ) stated: â€Å" Continuing research on effectual schools has verified the common sense observation that schools are seldom effectual, in any sense of the word, unless the principal is a â€Å" good † leader † .2.4.1 School leading and effectual schoolsSchool leading ( Huber, 2004 ) , so, has a polar function in lending to effectual schools. Gurr, Drysdale, and Mulford ( 2005 ) found in their instance survey research on Australian principals that â€Å" the principal remains an of import and important figure in finding the success of a school † ( p. 548 ) . Extensive empirical attempts have shown that leading is a cardinal factor for the quality and effectivity of a school ( Reynolds, 1976 ; Harris, 2005 ) . The research conseque nces show that each and every successful school possesses a competent and sound school leading. Research ( Barber, 1995 ; Mortimore, Sammons, Stoll, Lewis and Ecob, 1988 ; Stoll and Fink, 1996 ) has shown that leading, in fact, defines the success of a school. Harmonizing to Leithwood, Day, Sammons, Hopkins and Harris ( 2006, p. 14-15 ) , â€Å" there is non a individual documented instance of a school successfully turning around its pupil achievement flight in the absence of gifted leading. † In this line of idea, Leithwood, Louis, Anderson & A ; Wahlstrom ( 2004 ) claimed that while schoolroom direction has the greatest impact on pupil accomplishment, leading has the 2nd greatest consequence. The function of the school leader has to be seen in relationship to the context in which the school is runing. Schools are embedded in the instruction system and their local communities ; leaders, hence, have to respond to, get by with and back up the development of the community served by their several schools. Huber ( 1997 ) firmly believes that â€Å" school leaders matter, they are educationally-significant, school leaders do do a difference. † Given the manifold undertakings and duties of school leading, every bit good as the competences required, school leaders may be regarded as â€Å" superheroes † . Their complex function can barely be filled with traditional leading constructs ( Huber, 2004 ) . Educational leaders are now confronted with an wholly new scope of demands and challenges. They should bear in head that their administrations have been set up to carry through a specific societal purpose, determining the society. The quality of instruction provided at school, hence, determines the future society. Furthermore, school leading proved to be of import for the acquisition environment for instructors in schools ( James & A ; McCormick, 2009 ; Louis, Dretzke, & A ; Wahlstrom, 2010 ) .2.4.2 Successful and effectual School leading2.4.2.1 Firm and purposeful leading It has been proven that all facets of the school rely on a proper School Leader ( Stoll and Fink, 1996 ; Huber, 2004 ; Mortimore et al. , 1988 ) . However, both the School Leader and single instructors are of extreme importance. Leithwood, in concert with others ( Leithwood et al. , 2004 ; Leithwood and Riehl, 2003 ; Leithwood et al. , 2006 ) , identified four wide classs of educational leading, or â€Å" nucleus patterns: † puting waies ; developing people ; redesigning the organisation ; and pull offing the instructional plan. At the same clip, effectual leaders know that the ability to take and pull off organizational alteration is critical for endurance since the school environment is a dynamic 1. School Leaderships should integrate the ability to cover with alterations happening in school system construction, particularly when more duties are being thrusted upon the shoulders of the School Leader by the educational system. Harmonizing to Calabrese ( 2002 ) the prototype school leader in the twenty-first century is a alteration agent. They have a duty to take alteration that consequences in more effectual and efficient educational patterns, in an environment that is progressively political. Therefore, outstanding school caputs should be proactive. They must do the alteration go on without estranging the instruction staffs. They should move as go-betweens between those defying alterations ( Levine and Lezotte, 1990 ) and the alteration agents. Leaderships, therefore, got a cardinal function in bring oning others to follow alteration in order to better the organizational effectivity. Hence, school leaders, are cardinal to originate and keeping the school betterment procedure ( Sammons et al. , 1994c ) . Schools, expected to carry through multi-dimensional maps, are affected by both internal and external environmental factors ( Eres, 2011 ) . School leaders can extinguish the negative effects of such factors. Therefore, they need to be proactive, expecting jobs and should be prepared to antagonize these expeditiously and efficaciously. The function of the School Leader is non ever clearly defined since taking and pull offing are two blending duties.2.4.3 School leading and instructors ‘ motiveLeadership can be defined as the ability to enlist, mobilise and actuate others to use their abilities and resources to a given cause ( Eyal and Roth, 2010 ) . This capacity is cardinal in the educational domain. Very frequently, pedagogues think in footings of actuating pupils to larn. Equally of import, though, with regard to educational leading is the motive of instructors ( Silver, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to Kocabas and Karakose ( 2002 ) , instructors are responsible to their schools and the principals are in bend responsible for the proper disposal of the school. Therefore, the chief duty for actuating instructors falls to the school caput. Along this line, Barker ( 2001 ) studied hapless performing artists and effectual principals and suggested that effectual leaders so motivate the staff. He claimed that the latter should be at that place to enthuse and inspire instructors instead than to ‘shape ‘ them. Good leading improves both teacher motive and work scenes. Further research by Kiziltepe ( 2006 ) found that the primary beginning of instructors ‘ de-motivation was the disposal Though, the relationship between School leading and Teacher Motivation have non straight been capable to much research, Brown and Hughes ( 2008 ) highlight the importance of researching the different factors that motivate instructors, as society progressively holds them accountable for pupil accomplishment. The relationship between school leading and instructor motive is related in the research literature to the effort to better understand principals ‘ impact on school public presentation ( Leithwood and Jantzi, 2005 ; Leithwood and Mascall, 2008 ; Supovitz, Sirinides and May, 2010 ) . Thus instructors ‘ battle and their motive have been studied largely as a interceding factor between school leading and pupils ‘ acquisition ( Hallinger and Heck, 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Sharpe, Klockow & A ; Martin ( 2002 ) , the factors actuating instructors can change from schoolroom to schoolroom, school to school, or territory to territory. If instructors are non motivated to lea rn, so the hunt for educational excellence will be avail ( Richardson, Short & A ; Prickett, 2003 ) .2.4.3.1: How can School leaders affect instructors ‘ motiveSeveral surveies suggest that school leading is 2nd merely to classroom instruction as an influence on pupil acquisition ( Leithwood, Harris, & A ; Hopkins, 2008 ; Leithwood & A ; Jantzi, 2008 ) and that cardinal to optimising pupil acquisition is the influence exerted by school leaders on teacher motive and committedness ( Day, Stobart, Sammons, Kington, & A ; Gu, 2006 ; Leithwood & A ; Mascall, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to surveies ( Hallinger and Heck, 1996 ) , school leading affects pupils ‘ results indirectly, by making the conditions that support instructors ‘ ability to learn and pupils ‘ acquisition. Teachers ‘ motive includes the outgo of attempt to accomplish a end ( Martin, 2000 ) . It is besides about making forces that power and drive their several behaviors ( Bursalioglu, 2002 ) . Dull ( 1981 ) believes that school leaders could actuate instructors by bettering a state of affairs perceived to be hard by an person, thereby run intoing demands. In add-on, the school leader can besides actuate instructors by supplying equal drive forces to press one into action ( Genc, 1987 ) . The human factor should non be ignored, the educational leader should endeavor in developing a physiological and psychological procedure which takes into history single desires, ends, inclinations, behavior, self-interest, penchant, will-power and thrust. He/she should be considerate, that is, see both intrinsic and extrinsic forces that actuate, direct and maintain staff behaviors ( Gursel, 1997 ) . Motivating instructors besides implies increasing the latter ‘s willingness to work and doing them believe that they will fulfill their personal demands if they work expeditiously in the school ( Yuksel, 1998 ) , by supplying the appropriate conditions. Porter, Polikoff, Goldring, Murphy, Elliot and May ( 2010 ) claims that these conditions include high criterions for pupil acquisition, strict course of study, quality direction, a civilization of acquisition and above all- professional behavior. Indeed, scholarly Hagiographas have linked the above mentioned conditions with increased instructor motive to exercise excess attempt in learning ( Geisel, Sleegers, Leithwood and Jantzi, 2003 ) . They added that school leading has a cardinal function in guaranting these conditions at school. Geisel et Al. ( 2003 ) besides mentioned that schools are effectual merely when the whole school community work as a whole and non as fragmented units. Therefore, the school leaders should non merely occupy the authorization place but should besides be seeable ( Dinham, Cariney, Craigie and Wilson, 1995 ) in the establishment, so as to be able to actuate their staffs. 2.4.3.1.1: Visible leading Indeed, Dinham et Al. ( 1995 ) found that secondary school principals ‘ duties include being seeable, keeping contact with pupil groups, maintaining unfastened lines of communicating with stakeholders, advancing a positive school clime, being cognizant and in control of all school issues, act uponing the school tone, and furthering school pride. Harmonizing to farther surveies ( Huber, 1997 ) , instructors recognize it is extremely actuating when their school caput is involved in the day-to-day modus operandi. The school leader, demoing dedicated involvement in what happens in the category itself, is much appreciated. Teachers have a high regard for leaders cognizing about the course of study and who are actively involved in supervising pupils ‘ advancement. Robinson ( 2006 ) points out that school leaders who have capable specific cognition will be more confident and successful in back uping betterment in instructors ‘ pattern. No uncertainty, instructors find it e xtremely actuating when the principal provides a assortment of support, including practical aid and encouragement ( Murphy, 1989 ) . This involves frequent motion through the school, category visits every bit good as some informal exchange with the learning staff ( Teddlie et al. , 1989 ) . Harmonizing to Scheerens ( 1992 ) , this â€Å" is one of the pillars of school leading † and such regular interactions could besides assist in measuring the ways instructors work.2.4.1 Relationship between school leader and instructorsDavis et Al. ( 2002 ) argue that the relationship between school leaders and instructors is really of import: the school leader ‘s respect for others is, cardinal, to actuating instructors. Bing in charge of the school disposal, school leaders have the greatest portion in actuating instructors. Harmonizing to Griffin ( 2010 ) , relationships with decision makers were rated as a extremely motivative factor. This is supported by Asbill and Gonzalez ( 200 0 ) who found a relationship between positive principal-teacher interactions and teacher occupation satisfaction. Egley ( 2003 ) found similar consequences and emphasized the importance of a supportive principal-teacher relationship. School leaders ( Barnett and McCormick, 2003 ) must be able to make an environment conducive to the edifice of positiveness, supplying the platform for the staff to keep good dealingss, so as to make a healthy environment, where all can turn adequately. Wallace ( 2010 ) further claimed that school leading should besides include some emotional dimension. She posited that school leaders who understand the emotional context in which they work will supply a more hearty and effectual work context for instructors. They highlighted that working in a schoolroom environment where there is administrative support enhances the component of regard. Indeed, interviews by Sederberg and Clark ( 1990 ) showed that instructors perceive regard as the most of import inducement, followed by trust, optimism and intentionality. Further research ( Geisel et al. , 2003 ) has shown that certain methods adopted by the School leading so impact on the degree of instructor motive, for case, specifying a clear vision and aims.Shared vision and endsScholars ( Eyal and Roth, 2010 ; Barnett and McCormick, 2002 ) posited that vision potentially offers the greatest capacity to act upon instructors ‘ motive. Lashway ( 2000 ) added that school principals should guarantee that this vision is relevant to the school context. The leader ‘s vision must besides be related to the bing demands and civilization of the school ( Keedy, 1991 ) . In add-on, it must be focused, consistent, at the same clip, including short term every bit good as long term aims ( Geisel et al. , 2003 ) . These aid define and advance high outlooks ; and they connect straight with instructors and the schoolroom. Barnett and McCormick ‘s ( 2003 ) findings echoed the above research workers ‘ thoughts and even extrapolated those- they concluded that instructors should, at all cost, portion the school ‘s vision. This is because vision provides personal ends for the instructor, a desire to see a alteration in the hereafter. The staff should be able to link to the vision when it is clearly defined, so that, their ain personal aims may shoot out from it. Their surveies have shown that instructors are extremely motivated when they build consensus on the purposes and values of the school. In such instances, instructors can set these into pattern through collaborative and consistent of working. Empirical grounds ( Leithwood and Riehl, 2003 ; Ylimaki, 2006 ) proved that vision creates a sense of intent that binds instructors together and impel them to carry through their deepest aspirations and to make ambitious ends. Indeed, Brewer ‘s research ( 1993 ) showed that pupil accomplishment degrees were higher in schools where the principal had hired like-minded instructors who shared the principal ‘s ends and who were able to implement efficaciously the principal ‘s vision. Other research workers ( Lee and Smith, 1994 ) analyzed public presentation from 820 secondary schools and found that coherent, sustained, and focused reforms resulted in the best results for pupils. Therefore, effectual professional principals ( Huber, 1997, 2004 ) should unrelentingly work to better accomplishment by concentrating on specifying SMART ends. However, bookmans ( Gagne and Deci, 2005 ; Sheldon, Turban, Brown, Barrick and Judge, 2003 ) claimed that showing followings with a value-laden vision is non plenty. Leading professional No uncertainty, implementing a vision is non instantaneous ; it requires perennial rhythms of contemplation, rating, and response, and merely the principal can prolong it ( Lashway, 1997 ) . Sheldon et Al. ( 2003 ) posited that the leading function played by the school principal is critical in guaranting the vision and mission is attained. Therefore, principals need to have on many different chapeaus during the school twenty-four hours. But, the most effectual school principals are non merely directors and martinets but besides instructional leaders for the school ( Leithwood and Mascall, 2008 ) . Their surveies showed that an effectual school leader is non simply a good decision maker or director, but besides a taking professional- a transformational leader. Harmonizing to Burns ( 1978 ) transformational leading is the procedure in which leaders and their followings bring each other to a higher degree of ethic and motive. Today ‘s schools, hence, want non merely airy and professional leaders ( Lashway, 2000 ) , but transformational 1s.Transformational Leadership and motiveLeithwood ( 1992 ) claimed that transformational leading is, really, the restructuring of the system in order for the mission and vision of people to be redefined. It besides ensures that the staff identifies themselves with the ends of the administration, together with enlisting the engagement of the staffs by taking into consideration their sentiment greatly provide the range for motive. Bass ( 1990 ) suggested that motive is, in fact, a sub-dimension of transformational leading. Other bookmans ( Simola, Barling and Turner, 2010 ; Park and Rainey, 2008 ) besides concluded that motive has been shown to be an inspiring constituent of such sort of leading and these have shown a positive relationship between transformational leading and motive. Indeed, Bass and Avolio ( 1997 ) have argued that transformational leading can bring forth extraordinary results in footings of increased committedness to accomplishing group or organizational ends. Coupled with the above, Shamir, House and Arthur ( 1993 ) , maintained that transformational leaders besides foster intrinsic motives related to self construct. Their theory of leading asserted that magnetic leaders promote followings ‘ intrinsic motive to move beyond their self-esteem, self value and societal designation. Research has shown a positive relationship between transformational leading and motive. It has been proved that in an administration with transformational leaders, there is higher productiveness and that the employees are happier and there are fewer negative incidents ( Robbins, 1996 ) . Indeed, transformational Leadership plays an of import function in developing self-motivation. Leaderships increase their workers ‘ motive through their behavior ( Bass, 1990, Greenberg and Baron, 2000 ) . As the human dealingss and communicative accomplishments of a transformational leader are developed, they are effectual in carrying and directing their followings ( G lad and Blanton, 1997 ) . They besides motivate followings to exceed their ain immediate opportunism for the interest of the mission and vision of the administration. The leader motivates followings to â€Å" work for nonnatural ends alternatively of immediate opportunism, for accomplishment and self-actualisation instead than safety and security † ( Murray & A ; Feitler, 1989, p. 3 ) , and creates within followings a capacity to develop higher degrees of committedness to organizational ends ( Leithwood & A ; Jantzi, 2000 ) . Followings ‘ assurance degrees are raised and their demands broadened by the leader to back up development to higher possible. Such entire battle ( emotional, rational and moral ) encourages followings to develop and execute beyond outlooks ( Bass, 1985 ; Burns, 1978 ) .2.3.5.1 Transformational and Transactional School leadingBass ‘s theoretical account ( 1998 ) of transformational and transactional leading has a figure of of import deductions for the current reform mo tion in instruction. Harmonizing to Bass and Avolio ( 1997 ) , the transformational/transactional attack builds trust, regard, and a want on the portion of followings to work jointly toward the same coveted hereafter ends. This non merely allows the transformational leader to run efficaciously within the available context, but to alter it, to do it more receptive to her or his ain leading orientation. Indeed, a positive relationship has been found ( Howell and Hall- Merenda, 1999 ) between transformational leading and a good resonance between the leader and follower. Using this to schools, Avolio and Bass ( 1988 ) argue that although transactional and transformational leading can stand for two distinct signifiers of leading, effectual school principals exhibit features of both by keeping short-run enterprises through transactional leading and by motivating alteration as a transformational leader. A figure of surveies emphasize the importance of transformative leading for school principals ( Fullan 1996 ; Hord 1992 ; Leithwood, Tomlinson & A ; Genge 1996 ; Wood 1998 ; Sergiovanni 1992 ; Conley 1997 ; Perez et Al. 1999 ; Reed and Roberts 1998 ) .Transformational school leading and instructor motiveContemporary in-between school leaders have a huge array of duties and are frequently characterized as those who should be â€Å" transformational leaders † ( Sanzo et al. , 2010 ) . The challenges brought to schools by reconstituting have been cited as grounds for recommending transformational leading in schools. Such leading embraces a postmodern manner of thought. It is argued that transformational leading is good suited to the challenges of current school restructuring. It has the potency for constructing high degrees of committedness ( in instructors ) to the complex and unsure nature of the school reform docket and for furthering growing in the capacities instructors must develop to react positively to this docket ( Leithwood and Jantzi, 1997 ) . Transformational leading is seen to be sensitive to administration edifice, developing shared vision, administering leading and edifice school civilization necessary to current restructuring attempts in schools ( Leithwood, Jantzi and Stainbach, 1999 ) . Transformational School leading: the four I ‘s and teacher motive Leithwood and Jantzi ( 1990 ) have defined transformational leading based on schools. Transformational leading dimensions, viz. , idealised influence, inspirational motive and rational stimulation, were found to straight act upon instructors ‘ sum of motive ( Geisel et al. , 2003 ; Leithwood and Jantzi, 2005 ) . These, in bend, had an indirect impact on pupils ‘ accomplishments and acquisition ( Leithwood and Jantzi, 2005 ) . Individualised attention-Teachers ‘ demands and outlooks Individualised attending ( Blase and Kirby, 2000 ) given to the staff, greatly adds up to teacher motive. Harmonizing to Blase and Kirby ( 2000 ) , it is of topmost importance for leaders to place instructors ‘ needs- the societal demands should non be neglected ( Bursalioglu, 2002 ) , and their feelings about their occupations. School leaders have to be witting of the fact that each individual has different demands and, hence, should be motivated consequently. Weller ( 1982 ) added that the school principal should be sympathetic to the demands of their instructors. The leaders should be able to provide for the demands of each and every 1. Harmonizing to Adair ( 2002 ) , a leader, who is non cognizant of these, and who does non expose attempt to carry through these, will decidedly confront troubles in actuating instructors. He added that merely a intelligent leader can invent and implement effectual schemes to help instructors in their development, guaranting they perform their several responsibilities in an effectual, enthusiastic and motivated mode. Blase , Derick and Stahth ( 1986 ) reported that principals ‘ initiating construction and exposing consideration were associated with more hearty work conditions, higher occupation satisfaction, and less occupation emphasis. Staff ‘s experience of occupation emphasis was seen as principals ‘ deficiency of consideration and was related to teacher dissatisfaction. It was found that instructors ( Blase et al. , 1986 ) are less likely to portion their positions and sentiments, or seeking to better the conditions if they feel that their school caputs are non plenty caring. Blase ( 1986 ) put frontward that the latter should endeavor to develop fruitful relationships with the learning staff, furthering positive communicating with and among instructors. It is merely through these relationships that they can set up leader legitimacy and encouraged committedness. Teachers should experience that they form portion of the school community and non merely as employees working in the school. The motive for working with the capable affair in which instructors have their academic grade and the wish to learn it to others are of import incentives for instructors both before and upon completion of the PGCE class ( Roness & A ; Smith, 2009, 2010 ) . Still, we find that the subject-matter involvement is a salient and stable incentive among these Norse instructors, a determination which aligns with other international research ( Kyriacou et al. , 1999 ; Manuel & A ; Brindley, 2005 ; Manuel & A ; Hughes, 2006 ) . A plausible ground for these consequences can be that when get downing teacher instruction, the pupils regard themselves as subject-matter specializers. Idealised influence Idealised influence is the magnetic component of transformational leading, in which leaders, go function theoretical accounts, who are admired, respected and emulated by their followings ( Avolio and Bass, 2002 ; Bass, 1998 ; Bass and Avolio, 1994 ) . As a consequence, followings demonstrate a high grade of trust in such leaders ( Jung and Avolio, 2000 ) . Researchers ( Jung and Avolio, 2000 ) added that shared vision, is, an built-in constituent of this idealised transformational function, animating credence through the alliance of ends. Principals must, hence, be good function theoretical accounts back uping best pattern ( Colley, 2002 ) . Inspirational motive Leaderships behave in ways that motivate and inspire those around them by supplying significance and challenge to their followings ‘ work ( Avolio and Bass, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Bass ( 1998 ) , squad spirit is aroused and followings show much enthusiasm. The transformational school leader ( Barnett and McCormick, 2003 ) physiques and sustains synergistic communications with the instructors. For case, inspirational negotiations and moving in ways that encourage enthusiasm. Principals inspire instructors to see an attractive hereafter, while pass oning outlooks and showing a committedness to ends and the shared vision. Research ( Eyal and Roth, 2010 ) besides proved that transformational school leaders can excite their instructors ‘ attempts to be advanced and originative. Harmonizing to Tracey and Hinkin ( 1998 ) , such influence motivates followings to demo unity in the signifier of ethical and moral behavior. This includes values and beliefs which emphasise the school ‘s mission and encompassing high morality. Another point to be noted is that instructors want to be reasonably treated. Any prejudiced actions ( Wevers, 2000 ) against them are negatively perceived and these impact to a great extent on their motive degree. Awamleh and Gardiner ( 1999 ) believe that school leaders should avoid the abuse of power for personal additions. School leaders should be seen trusty and competent by followings ( Cheemers, 2001 ) . So, it is of import to hold ethical school leaders. Intellectual Stimulation Surveies ( Reynolds, 1976 ; Mortimore et al. , 1988 ; , Stoll and Fink, 1996 ) of Effective schools showed that, principals, considered invention to be an built-in portion of the school. They encourage instructors to oppugn bing premises and to reframe jobs. They invite the teaching staff to near old state of affairss in new ways. Intellectual stimulation ( Burns, 1978 ) , whereby school leaders encourage instructors to believe creatively is besides extremely actuating. The latter entails advancing an innovatory mentality, whereby the staff is to believe beyond conventional models to supply solutions to jobs. Apart from these, such principals strongly believe that much can be learnt by making and errors are non publically criticized. Alternatively, this helps to further squad work and, finally, this improves the problem-solving ability. It is to be mentioned that the principals act as a wise man in such instances, stressing reason. Therefore, an statement exists that transformational leading is more facilitative of educational alteration and contributes to organizational betterment, effectivity and school civilization ( Deal and Peterson, 1990 ) . Evidence from several surveies ( Leithwood and Jantzi, 1990 ; Sashkin and Sashkin, 1990 ) provides strong support for the claim that transformational leading contributes to more desirable school civilizations.